Italian intellectual and political activist, founder of the Communist Party (Ales, Sardinia, 1891 - Rome, 1937). Thanks to the support of his brother and his intellectual capacity he overcame the difficulties produced by his physical deformity (he was hunchbacked) and by the poverty of his family (since his father was imprisoned, accused of embezzlement). He studied at the University of Turin, where he was influenced intellectually by Benedetto Croce and the socialists.
In 1913 he joined the Italian Socialist Party, immediately becoming a leader of its left wing. After working on various party periodicals, he founded, together with Palmiro Togliatti and Umberto Elia Terracini, the magazine Ordine nuovo (1919). Faced with the dilemma posed to socialists around the world by the course taken by the Russian Revolution, Antonio Gramsci chose to adhere to the communist line and, at the Livorno Congress (1921), split with the group that founded the Italian Communist Party.
Gramsci belonged from the beginning to the Central Committee of the new party, which he also represented in Moscow within the Third International (1922); he endowed the formation with an official press organ (L’Unità, 1924) and represented it as a deputy (1924). He was a member of the Executive of the Communist International, whose Bolshevik orthodoxy he defended in Italy by expelling from the party the ultra-left group of Amadeo Bordiga, which he accused of following Trotsky’s line (1926).
He soon had to go underground, since since 1922 Italy was under the power of Mussolini, who would exercise from 1925 an iron fascist dictatorship. Gramsci was arrested in 1926 and spent the rest of his life in prison, subjected to humiliation and ill-treatment, which added to his tuberculosis to make prison life extremely difficult, until he died of cerebral congestion.
In these conditions, however, Gramsci was able to produce a great written work (the voluminous Prison Notebooks), containing an original revision of Marx’s thought, in a historicist sense and tending to modernize the legacy of Marxism to adapt it to the conditions of Italy and twentieth-century Europe. Already at the Lyon Congress (1926) he had advocated the broadening of the social bases of communism by opening it to all classes of workers, including intellectuals. His theoretical contributions would powerfully influence the adaptation of Western communism that took place in the sixties and seventies, the so-called Eurocommunism. 🤮
Gramsci’s concept of hegemony. Gramsci saw the ruling class maintaining its power over society in two ways –
Coercion – it uses the army, police, prison and courts to force other classes to accept its rule
Consent (hegemony) – it uses ideas and values to persuade the subordinate classes that its rule is legitimate
Hegemony and Revolution
In advanced Capitalist societies, the ruling class rely heavily on consent to maintain their rule. Gramsci agrees with Marx that they are able to maintain consent because they control institutions such as religion, the media and the education system. However, according to Gramsci, the hegemony of the ruling class is never complete, for two reasons:
The ruling class are a minority – and as such they need to make ideological compromises with the middle classes in order to maintain power The proletariat have dual consciousness. Their ideas are influenced not only by bourgeois ideology but also by the material conditions of their life – in short, they are aware of their exploitation and are capable or seeing through the dominant ideology.
Antonio Gramsci Marxists.org :gramsci-heh:
Antonio Gramsci and the Italian Revolution :anti-italian-action:
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pt.2 (with virgil and netflix start)
Only one cohost didn’t join them. Cass had been invited, but wasn’t interested. He withdrew after Sanders’s loss, no longer regularly appearing on the show. “It was very obvious that was a breaking point for him,” says David Eisenberg, a longtime friend. “He was a pain in the ass to work with,” says Frost. “I saw our connection to him starting to fray, but Bernie and the mission kept that from completely falling apart. After it was gone, it did. We were staying together for the kids.”
Before the podcast, Cass had been a career extra, appearing in shows like Gossip Girl and Girls, but Chapo’s success seemed to reorient his ambitions toward the political. “He wanted very different things out of his life and career than we did,” says Biederman. “He wanted to be an actual pundit.” The first episode of Bad Faith, a podcast Cass hosted with former Sanders press secretary Briahna Joy Gray, aired in September 2020. “He started another podcast without really telling us,” says Frost. Months later, in May 2021, Chapo sent subscribers a statement announcing that Cass was no longer a cohost. “This separation is mutual and amicable,” it read. “We all wish him the absolute best.”
On June 9, 2021, a Twitter user posted a thread claiming they had had a “traumatizing” online relationship with Cass when they were a teenager. “I believed that we were in a long distance, adult relationship as he requested things of that nature from me,” they wrote. “I don’t want to give explicit details of what happened over [FaceTime], but I think you get the idea and it was traumatizing.” They added, “It made me feel so disgusting that someone who is lauded as a champion of my political beliefs did this to me.”
Frost didn’t immediately credit the accusations. “This was an anonymous person on the internet, which is the exact demographic of people who make shit up about us,” she tells me. Nevertheless, she asked Cass about it. “I was like, ‘Hey, are you a piece of shit?’ He was just like, ‘Well, yes, but nothing criminal,’” she recalls. “That’s vague.” Eisenberg says that when he asked, Cass denied the accusations.
At the end of that June, Gray put out a statement. “Although we have discussed his obligation to address this accusation, he has not provided me with any additional insight into the facts of the underlying claim. Not knowing more, I want to avoid weighing in irresponsibly,” she wrote. “My understanding is that Virgil plans to make a statement shortly.” Cass never made a statement, never appeared on either podcast again, and did not respond to multiple requests for comment, including a detailed list of questions sent to an email he has used in recent months. He still appears on Bad Faith’s cover art, but attempts to reach him through Gray and other former associates went unanswered.
None of the Chapos who would talk about their former cohost could say what he’d been up to since the split, but they indicated that he’s still receiving subscriber money. “We all want to have a Chapo pension for anyone who, no matter what conditions we part under, helped build the show,” says Frost. Wade confirms that Cass receives money, albeit a smaller share than that of the current hosts; he describes the arrangement as “somewhere between pension and contractual obligation.”
Eisenberg, one of Cass’s best friends, eventually cut him off. In late 2021, he was considering Cass to be one of the groomsmen at his wedding. “I had to tell him, ‘I can’t rely on you. I have to let you go from the group.’ He didn’t put up much resistance, if any.”
“He was kind of like a tumbleweed,” says Eisenberg. “He ran away from his problems.”
As one cohost fell away, another struck out in a new direction. In June 2020, Frost took a Xanax and boarded a socially distanced flight to Los Angeles. She started a Hollywood production company called ColdFeet. “I run head first into things,” she explains. “For better or worse, sometimes for worse, I never get cold feet.” Unlike Chapo, where everything is evenly distributed, Frost is sole CEO, though she brought on the rest as owners and lured them West. “I was the pioneer,” she says. “Then I sent back word that it’s bright and sunny here in California.”
In 2016, Menaker talked about expanding Chapo into a site with videos and blogs, but ColdFeet was more than a pivot to video. “Imagine if they actually produced a feature-length film,” says Catherine Liu, a professor of film and media studies at UC Irvine who has known Frost since 2014. “Hollywood is very milquetoast, anodyne, liberal. Democratic Party politics could be produced by bots. Is there space for some kind of spontaneous media experience of left spectacle and entertainment and laughs? Yes. It’s all we have now. We have so little political power.”
It wasn’t long before Christman had an Amber in each ear preaching the virtues of California. He got to know Amber Rollo while swimming in the Rockaways that first pandemic summer. She was a comedian, native to the Golden State, living in a Bushwick loft with no AC, no heater, and no stove. Rollo, who wasn’t a podcast listener, recalls Christman wanting to take “a step back from bigger politics and trying to focus more on his small community.” As winter approached, she and Christman loaded up her 1990 Chevy conversion van with a broken odometer and took off for California.
When the couple later decided to get married, Menaker, an online minister of the Universal Life Church, came out to officiate the wedding at Little Secret, a Hollywood DIY venue where Rollo hosted shows featuring former presidential candidate Marianne Williamson and Amazon union organizer Chris Smalls. At karaoke afterward, the bride and groom sang the B-52’s “Love Shack.” Chapo producer Chris Wade and his wife, Molly Mary O’Brien, who sang Tenacious D’s “Fuck Her Gently,” looked around and decided to move. David Weigel attended, but didn’t sing. Biederman didn’t sing either—“I like [karaoke] in the Yakuza series of games,” he says, “not in real life”—but he too succumbed to the Hollywood drift. Menaker, the son of New Yorker and New York Times editors, was the only one to stay loyal to the city. “Go Yankees,” he says.
With mentors like The Big Short director Adam McKay, Uncut Gems codirector Benny Safdie, and Oscar-winning screenwriter Josh Olson, Chapo was quickly entrenched in projects. Jason Grote, who had been a writer on Mad Men, helped Christman and Menaker adapt their podcast series about George H.W. Bush for TV. “I’m a drama writer, so the pitch was coming off as a little bit more prestige TV and a little bit less Chapo,” he recalls. “Safdie advised us to just write it as a pilot.” They wrote an episode where a young H.W. is tricked into dosing John F. Kennedy with acid. “If you play it as drama, people are more resistant to it,” Grote says. “Whereas if you crank up the absurdity…”
pt.3 (largest son and netflix cont.)
In September 2023, with Rollo in a Santa Monica hospital, preparing to give birth, Christman collapsed. By the time Rollo waddled into his hospital room across town, he was unconscious. “He had a stroke. We don’t know if he’ll ever be able to do anything more than this,” a doctor told her. “That was terrifying. I’m about to pop and they’re telling me that the love of my life, the father of my future child, might never do anything,” she says. “That evening, he mumbled, ‘I love you.’ That put the fight in me.”
Frost and Biederman rushed to the hospital. Menaker and his girlfriend, former Elle editor Katherine Krueger, flew from New York almost as soon as they heard. “The first time I saw him after the stroke, he referenced a really stupid thing that I hardly even remembered,” Biederman says. “It confirmed to me he’s still in there. His cognition is absolutely fucking there, it’s just his ability to relate that cognition to the world, he’s going to have to rebuild that. For a guy like him, that’s incredibly fucking tragic.” Before Chapo, Christman was an unemployed Twitter poster in Ohio. Podcasting helped him find a voice. “I used to compare him—and seriously—to Cicero,” says Daniel Bessner, a frequent guest on the show and cohost of the podcast American Prestige. “He’s an orator, fundamentally.”
While Rollo prepared to give birth, Wade and O’Brien mustered friends. “Me and my wife have that element of producer brain,” Wade says. O’Brien made a spreadsheet to make sure there was always someone with Christman. Biederman helped Christman with stretches he learned from Muay Thai, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and his mother’s work as a yoga instructor. Frost painted the nursery and installed handicap bars in his home. “All of us are leftists who strongly believe in community. This was an experience to put that to work,” Rollo says. “I hope the way our community has come together has ripple effects.” After more than a month in the hospital, Christman moved to a rehabilitation facility. Father and daughter learned to walk on the same schedule. “He’s still miles ahead of her on talking,” Rollo says, though he hasn’t fully recovered.
Another crisis rocked Hollywood before Christman’s stroke. After Netflix announced it’d lost nearly a million subscribers, streamers stopped stockpiling content. “We’d been writing pilots, which became worth bupkis,” says Frost. “So we were like, fine, we’ll do other things.” They’ve since been producing a series of short films, are writing a comic book, and invested in Eephus, a feature-length baseball comedy that played at Cannes and the New York Film Festival. Frost attended the festivals with her now boyfriend, Nate Fisher, who cowrote and acts in the film. She partied at David Lynch’s annual Silencio pop-up nightclub at Cannes, but didn’t spot the late director. She assumed he was “in a secret vestibule, two-sided-mirror wall, where he’s observing the goings on and eating a wholesome helping of cherry pie with black coffee.”
Christman has been easing back into work. “He does want to get back to saying something,” says Rollo. “At the beginning, and still now, I was mostly focused on helping him find joy again.” Frost has been helping write his contribution to the comic and Wade self-published a book adapted from Christman’s scripts for a series on the Spanish Civil War. They sold close to 18,000 copies. He’s started sitting in on the podcast again, and, with Rollo’s help, he’s writing poems for a new segment called Strokes of Genius. “Writing poetry is a great release. A Catharsis,” he tweeted recently, thanking Rollo. “With a stroke I never been so lucky because I with you.”
In late October, the Chapo Trap House logo appeared on a billboard above the Olive Garden in Times Square. The podcast’s subscribers hadn’t grown substantially since 2020, but they remained one of the biggest projects on Patreon, taking in approximately $180,000 a month as of December. Patreon asked if they wanted in on some advertising space they were purchasing. “There was trepidation at first,” says Frost. “But we like the idea of tourists seeing it and going, ‘What the fuck is that?’”
There hasn’t been a noticeable bump in subscriptions from the billboard. “You can’t expect exponential growth forever,” Menaker says. “I wouldn’t be satisfied if it was shrinking or we were losing money, but, for me, the feeling of doing the show comes first.” Perhaps the only thing that could revive their growth would be another movement like Sanders’s. “The man and the message matched, broadly speaking, the things that we would like to see in an American government,” Menaker says. “There aren’t any other opportunities for that. What are we gonna do? Start casting another candidate to support? If one comes along, I’ll let you know.” X content
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Not long after the billboard went up, Biederman moved back to New York, tired of drifting through life in Southern California. He ridicules the idea of podcasters fixing politics. “Liberals in the Democratic Party are always fighting the last war. Maybe it would have made sense to have spent the last seven years building a parallel media infrastructure that had these things to prepare for the Biden presidency, in advance of having a chief executive who is constitutionally incapable of communicating,” he says. “But now, I don’t know how anyone can look at the past 40 years of the conservative movement and go, ‘Oh, it’s Joe Rogan.’ No, it’s actual institutional strength that does not have a left-liberal equivalent.”
Biederman doesn’t see anyone building anything like that on the left. “Bernie is still individually popular, but it’s hard to have him as the center of gravity for this movement when he’s spent the past four years telling everyone how great Biden is. The same is true for AOC,” he says. “If anyone is going to recapture that feeling, it’s going to have to be someone who’s a little more courageous than that.” Frost is particularly dubious about Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s commitment to democratic socialism. “Without the movement, she’s pretty untethered,” Frost says. “I don’t think she’s particularly focused or serious-minded about politics so much as the left-liberal commitment to forming a little righteous block, which doesn’t resonate with people as much as results. It tends to resonate with people without real problems.”
At least one former guest levels elements of that criticism at Chapo. “We’re increasingly careening into a world where social democracy probably isn’t going to happen and probably wouldn’t fix things, so maybe people need to become more interested in the further radical, revolutionary ideas throughout the history of communism…and they were a soc. dem. show,” says comedian Jake Flores. “They’re never going to be attached to a project like Bernie again. If you’re in a position like Chapo, you get more doomery from here on out, or you just become vague.”
The closest thing to a hopeful comment in Chapo’s postelection episode came from Wade. “I’m thinking back to that post-2016 moment, where everything was very scary, mostly because it was so new and uncharted. One of the scarier parts of now is that we know how this goes and it is charted and that chart is terrifying. But also just thinking about that concept of contingency…and how that post-2016 moment led to a big flourishing of alternative ways to think about and do politics,” he said. “It is still, as it always is, time to look to your friends, look to the people around you that need help and that you can build community and build capacity with, in whatever way makes sense to you, and wait for those moments of contingency.”
The hosts retain their capacity to be astonished by the left’s ability to unexpectedly rise. “One of the most heartening things I’ve seen in my time doing this show came years after a very disheartening defeat for Bernie,” says Biederman. “For the first time in my lifetime, seeing tens of thousands of Americans turning out for Palestine…it was probably the most amazing display I’ve seen.” Frost distills that to an ethic. “Despair is a kind of egotism. It’s a belief in your ability to predict the future,” she says. “I didn’t see Bernie coming. It’s important to remember the world can still surprise you. I hope another weird, good opportunity presents itself for a socialist future.”
thanks for copying all that it was kind of emotional to read
ah we have a post at https://hexbear.net/post/4338005, so comrades may discuss there 🥰 haven’t noticed it
Amber.
lol @ chapo still paying him, he’s probably living his best life doing drugs all day and gaming